Germany

Timeline

1300
August Albert abandons siege of Nijmegen; the Rhenish princes revolt
1301
13 April Pope Boniface summons Albert to Rome to answer for the murder of Adolf of Nassau
1302
Albert subdues the Elector of the Rhineland
1303
April Boniface recognizes Albert as King of the Romans
1304
Albert invades Bohemia but fails at Kutná Hora
1305
June Bohemia makes peace with Albert
1307
August Albert again invades Bohemia after Duke Henry of Carinthia is elected King of Bohemia
1308
1 May Albert is murdered by Duke John of Swabia, his nephew
27 November Henry of Luxemburg is elected King of the Romans (-1313)
1311
6 January Henry VII crowned King of Lombardy in Milan
September Henry captures Brescia and punishes it for rebelling
1312
29 June Henry crowned Emperor in the Lateran
31 October Henry fails to take Florence by storm
1313
26 April Henry declares Robert of Naples guilty of treason
24 August Henry dies while marching on Naples
November Lewis of Wittelsbach, Duke of Upper Bavaria, defeats invasion by Frederick the Handsome, Duke of Upper Bavaria, at Gammelsdorf
1314
19 October Frederick of Austria is elected King of the Romans (-1325)
20 October Lewis of Bavaria is also elected; civil war ensues
1322
28 September Lewis the Bavarian defeats and captures Frederick at Mühldorf
1324
24 June Lewis invests his son, Lewis, with Brandenburg (-1351)
1325
13 March Frederick renounces his claim to be King of the Romans
1327
May Lewis crowned King of the Lombards in Milan
1328
7 January Lewis enters Rome and is crowned Emperor by the Four Syndics of the Roman People; Pope John XXII has already excommunicated him and now declares a crusade against him
22 May Lewis counters by deposing John and creating an anti-pope
1329
December Lewis returns to Germany
1330
13 January Frederick of Austria dies
1335
2 April Duke Henry of Carinthia dies; Lewis confers the Duchy on the Hapsburgs; he keeps the northern Tyrol, despite his promise that Henry's daughter, Margaret "Maultasch" would inherit there
1336
Aided by John of Bohemia, Margaret recovers the Tyrol
1338
5 September Lewis allies with Edward of England
1341
15 March Lewis abandons Edward and makes peace with Philip of France
1342
February Tyrol revolts; Lewis declares Margaret's marriage to John Henry of Bohemia void; she then marries Lewis' son, Lewis of Brandenburg
1346
April Charles of Bohemia renounces claims to Italy and receives papal permission to be elected King of the Romans
11 July Charles elected (-1378)
1347
11 October Lewis dies; Charles generally accepted as king
1348
7 April Charles unites Silesia, Moravia, and Upper Lusatia to Bohemia
1350
14 February Charles cedes Brandenburg and the Tyrol to the Wittelsbachs
1354
October Charles IV begins an expedition to Italy
1355
5 April Charles crowned Emperor in Rome; he returns to Germany immediately
1356
December Charles issues the Golden Bull
1364
February Charles grants the Tyrol to Rudolf of Austria
1365
4 June Charles goes to Avignon and is crowned King of Arles
1368
1 November Charles' queen is crowned Empress in Rome during a brief Italian expedition
1376
10 June Wenceslaus elected King of the Romans
1377
21 May Imperial forces defeated at Reutlingen by a league of Swabian cities
1378
January Charles visits Paris and appoints as imperial vicar for the Kingdom of Arles the Dauphin Charles V
November Charles declares for Pope Urban
29 November Charles dies; Wenceslaus gets the Empire, while Sigismund gets Brandenburg, and John gets Görlitz
1382
14 January Anne of Bohemia marries Richard of England
11 September Lewis of Hungary dies; the Hungarians elect his oldest daughter, Mary, who is betrothed to Sigismund of Bohemia
1384
26 July Wenceslaus arranges a truce between town leagues and the princes of southwest Germany
1385
21 February Rhenish and Swabian Leagues ally with the Swiss
1386
10 June Sigismund marries Mary, becoming King of Hungary (-1437); Sigismund also cedes Brandenburg to Jost, Margrave of Moravia
1388
23 August Count of Württemberg defeats the Swabian League at Döffingen
1389
5 May Wenceslaus announces Imperial Peace for southern Germany
1394
8 May League of the Lords temporarily arrests Wenceslaus
1395
17 May Mary of Hungary dies; some nobles now support Ladislas of Naples against Sigismund
1396
April Archbishop of Prague resigns in a dispute with Wenceslaus over control of the Bohemian church; at the same time, Sigismund forces Wenceslaus to allow lords of Bohemia and Moravia to control the government
1400
21 August Rhenish electors depose Wenceslaus and elect Rupert III (-1410)
1401
Wenceslaus is besieged in Prague Castle by League of the Lords; he accepts permanent council for governing Bohemia
August Sigismund is released by Hungarian lords who had imprisoned him for a few months
1402
Sigismund imprisons Wenceslaus in Vienna
1403
Wenceslaus escapes and returns to Bohemia
1405
14 September Archbishop John of Mainz, and other princes, form an alliance against Rupert
1410
18 May Rupert dies
20 September Sigismund is elected King of the romans
1411
Jost of Moravia dies; Sigismund grants Brandenburg to Frederick of Hohenzollern, Burgrave of Nuremburg (-1415)
1412
Sigismund tries but fails to recover Dalmatia from Venice
1416
9 February Sigismund makes the county of Savoy a duchy
1418
Sigismund loses Friuli to Venice
1419
30 July Defenestration of Prague
16 August Wenceslaus dies; succeeded in Bohemia by Sigismund
1420
21 February Extreme Hussites found Tabor
25 March John Zizka defeats Bohemians at Sudomer
1 May Pope Martin declares first Hussite Crusade
14 July Taborites defeat Sigismund on the Vitkor Hill outside Prague; the Four Articles are published
1 November Hussites defeat Sigismund under the Heights of Vysebrad; failure of the first anti-Hussite crusade
1421
1 June Estates of Bohemia and Moravia renounce Sigismund as their king and form a government
2 November Bohemia defeats German princes at Saaz; failure of second anti-Hussite crusade
1422
6 January John Ziska defeats Germans at Kutná Hora
10 January Ziska defeats Germans again at Nêmecky Brod
16 May Bohemians accept Korybut of Poland, nephew to King Jagiello, as their king
1423
23 April John Zizka defeats moderate Hussites at Horic
1424
11 October John Zizka dies; his followers now call themselves "the Orphans"
1426
12 March Bohemians defeat Duke Albert of Austria at Zwettl
16 June Prokop destroys German army at Ûsti; failure of the third anti-Hussite crusade
1427
17 April Bohemians expel their king, Korybut; they raid into Silesia and Lusatia
27 August Cardinal Beufort flees from Stribo on the approach of the Bohemians; failure of the fourth anti-Hussite crusade
1428
Sigismund defeated in a campaign on the lower Danube against the Turks
1429
Bohemians raid Saxony and Thuringia
1431
14 August Cardinal Cesarini and his army flees from Taus (Domazlice) on the approach of the Bohemian army; failure of the fifth anti-Hussite crusade
1433
31 May Pope Eugenius crowns Sigismund emperor
1434
30 May Battle of Lipany; moderate Hussites defeat the Taborites; Andrew Prokop is killed
1436
23 August Sigismund enters Prague, having been accepted as King of Bohemia following his acceptance of the Compacts of Prague
1437
9 December Sigismund dies; succeeded as King of Hungary by Duke Albert V of Austria (-1439), but the Bohemians refuse to accept him
1438
18 March Albert of Austria elected King of the Romans
1439
27 October Albert dies; succeeded as King of Hungary by Vladislav of Poland (-1444)
1440
2 February Frederick III, Duke of Styria, elected as King of the Romans (-1493)
22 February Birth of Ladislas Poshumus, son of Albert II; the Bohemians accept him as their king
September Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg, dies; son Frederick II succeeds (-1470)
1444
George Podebrady becomes leader of the Hussites
1448
September George Podebrady occupies Prague
1451
October Frederick III, as guardian of Ladislas Posthumus, appoints George Podebrady governor of Bohemia
1452
19 March Pope Nicholas crowns Frederick as Emperor
27 April George Podebrady elected regent of Bohemia
1453
28 October Ladislas Posthumus crowned King of Bohemia; he appoints George as governor
1454
Frederick II of Brandenburg buys the Neumark from the Teutonic Knights
1458
2 March George Podebrady elected King of Bohemia (-1471) after the death of Ladislas Posthumus (1457)
1461
December George of Bohemia rescues Frederick from his siege in Vienna by his brother Albert VI of Austria
1462
28 October Adolf of Nasasu seizes Mainz
1463
3 December Albert VI of Austria dies; his brother Frederick succeeds
Matthias of Hungary invades Austria and compels Frederick to cede his claims to Hungarian crown
1465
8 December Pope Paul II declares George Podebrady a heretic and deposes him from Bohemia
1466
23 December Paul declares George a heretic again
1469
3 May With Pope Paul's support, Matthias of Hungary invades Bohemia; some Bohemian lords recognize him as king
June The Bohemian estates accept Vladislav, son of Casimir of Poland, as George's heir
1470
Frederick II abdicates as Elector of Brandenburg; his brother Albert III (-1486) succeeds
1471
21 March George Podebrady dies; succeeded by Vladislav II
June Frederick III holds Imperial diet at Regensburg, where he proclaims a general peace and receives a tax to defend Germany against the Turk
1473
30 July Frederick III and Charles of Burgundy meet at Trier; Charles wants Frederick to make him a king, but Frederick refuses
1475
Frederick and Charles skirmish over control of Cologne
1477
19 August Mary of Burgundy, Charles the Bold's daughter, marries Maximilian, Frederick's son
1478
7 December Matthias of Hungary yields his claim to Bohemia
Albert of Brandenburg is invaded by Matthias of Hungary, the Teutonic Knights, Pomerania, and the Hanse, but he defeats them all
1479
Maximilian fights the French in Flanders
1482
27 March Death of Mary of Burgundy
23 December Treaty of Arras sets peace between Louis XI and Maximilian
1486
16 February Maximilian elected King of the Romans (-1517)
1487
July Swabian League formed to oppose the Wittelsbachs
1488
5 February Maximilian held prisoner (to May 16) in Ghent
1490
16 March Maximilian obtains the Tyrol by grant from Count Sigismund
1491
Maximilian recognizes Vladislav as King of Hungary